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Penyimpangan Sosial (Pengertian, Contoh, Bentuk, Jenis, Ciri, Penyebab, Pencegahan)

Penyimpangan Sosial (Pengertian, Contoh, Bentuk, Jenis, Ciri-ciri, Penyebab dan Pencegahan) - Pada kesempatan kali ini Ensiklopediasli akan membagikan artikel tentang Penyimpangan Sosial.

Secara umum, perilaku menyimpang adalah sebuah tindakan yang menyimpang dari norma-norma yang berlaku di suatu sistem sosial dan menimbulkan usaha dari pihak berwenang dalam sistem tersebut untuk memperbaiki perilaku menyimpang itu.

Akibat banyaknya pengangguran dan tingginya biaya hidup, mendorong seseorang melakukan berbagai jenis-jenis penyimpangan guna memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya. Beberapa penyimpangan sosial telah menimbulkan keresahan di masyarakat. Lalu apa pengertian penyimpangan sosial, contohnya, bentuknya, jenis, ciri-ciri, penyebab dan cara pencegahannya?

Berikut ini pengertian, contoh, bentuk, jenis, ciri-ciri, penyebab dan pencegahan penyimpangan sosial.
Penyimpangan Sosial



Pengertian Penyimpangan sosial Menurut Para Ahli


Berikut ini adalah beberapa definisi penyimpangan sosial yang menurut para ahli.


  • Bruce J. Cohen : Penyimpangan sosial adalah setiap perilaku yang tidak berhasil menyesuaikan diri dengan kehendak-kehendak masyarakat atau kelompok tertentu dalam masyarakat.
  • James Vander Zanden : Penyimpangan sosial adalah perilaku yang dianggap sebagai hal tecela di luar batas-batas toleransi oleh sejumlah besar orang.
  • Paul B. Horton : Penyimpangan sosial adalah setiap perilaku yang dinyatakan sebagai pelanggaran terhadap norma-norma kelompok atau masyarakat.
  • Robert M.Z Lawang : Penyimpangan sosial adalah semua tindakan yang menyimpang dari norma-norma yang berlaku dalam sistem itu untuk memperbaiki perilaku tersebut.
  • Ronald A. Hodert : Penyimpangan sosial adalah tindakan yang melanggar keinginan bersama karena tidak sesuai dengan kebiasaan masyarakat hingga bisa dikenai sanksi.
  • Becker : Penyimpangan sosial adalah perilaku menyimpang bukanlah kualitas yang dilakukan orang, melainkan konsekuensi dari adanya suatu peraturan dan penerapan sanksi yang dilakukan oleh orang lain terhadap pelaku tindakan tersebut.

Jenis Penyimpangan Sosial


Jenis penyimpangan sosial berdasarkan kekerapannya



  1. Penyimpangan sosial primer : adalah penyimpangan yang bersifat sementara (temporer). Orang yang melakukannya masih tetap dapat diterima oleh kelompok sosialnya. Karena tidak terus menerus melanggar aturan, contohnya seperti melanggar rambu lalu lintas dan meminum-minuman keras.
  2. Penyimpangan sosial sekunder : adalah penyimpangan yang dilakukan oleh pelakunya secara terus-menerus walaupun telah diberikan sanksi-sankis. Oleh sebab itu, setiap pelaku secara umum dikenal sebagai orang yang berperilaku menyimpang. Conohnya seperti seseorang yang setiap hari minum-minuman keras, siswa yang sering mencontek teman sekelasnya.


Jenis penyimpangan sosial berdasarkan jumlah orang yang terlibat



  1. Penyimpangan individu : adalah penyimpangan yang dilakukan sendiri tanpa dengan orang lain. Hanya satu individu saja yang melakukan berlawanan dengan norma-norma yang berlaku.
  2. Penyimpangan kelompok : adalah penyimpangan yang terjadi jika individu tersebut melakukan secara bersama-sama disuatu kelompok tertentu.


Jenis penyimpangan sosial berdasarkan sifatnya



  1. Penyimpangan bersifat negatif : adalah penyimpangan sosial yang berwujud dari tindakan ke arah nilai-nilai sosial yang dianggap tercela karena tidak sesuai dengan norma-norma yang ada.
  2. Penyimpangan bersifat positif : adalah penyimpangan sosial yang memiliki dampak yang positif terhadap sistem sosial karena dianggap ideal dalam masyarakat.


Contoh Penyimpangan Sosial


Tindakan Kriminal

Tindakan kriminal

Kriminalitas adalah bagian yang tidak dapat terpisahkan dari masyarakat. Semakin hari semakin meningkat, baik dari segi kualitas maupun dari segi kuantitasnya. Kriminalitas sebenarnya bukan semata-mata bawaan dari sejak lahir, melainkan bisa terjadi karena bersifat kondisional.

Kondisi yang mendorong seseorang melakukan tindakan kriminal adalah :


  • Keadaan ekonomi yang tidak teratur
  • Tingginya angka pengangguran
  • Timbulnya kecemburuan sosial
  • Rasa ingin cepat menyelesaikan masalah


Tindakan kriminalitas pada individu dapat terjadi karena hal-hal berikut ini :

Alasan Psikologis

Penjahat seringkali melakukan aksinya karena didorong oleh keadaan bingung, putus asa, marah, dendam dan sebagainya. Secara biologis, pelaku kejahatan memiliki kesehatan yang prima.

Contoh : Seseorang yang bertubuh kecil ketika diejek terus menerus dapat melakukan tindakan pembunuhan terhadap lawannya yang bertubuh lebih besar. Kekuatan timbul karena motivasi yang timbul mendorong untuk melakukan kejahatan.

Alasan Biologis 

Kebutuhan untuk makan menjadi penyebab timbulnya dorongan untuk melakukan kejahatan. Mungkin alasan ini yang paling banyak dijumpai pada kasus-kasus kejahatan.

Contoh : Orang yang tidak makan dalam beberapa hari dapat mendorong dirinya untuk mencuri makanan milik orang lain.

Kenakalan Remaja

Kenakalan remaja

Kenakalan remaja merupakan penyimpangan yang dialami para remaja atas norma yang ada. Perbuatan remaja tersebut merupakan tindakan anti sosial. Dalam usia yang menginjak pubertas, seringkali para remaja mencari jati dirinya, muncullah sifat sebagai jagoan, solidaritas sosial yang melewati batas, bahkan ingin eksistensi dirinya diketahui orang lain tetapi dengan tindakan yang menyimpang.

Para remaja seringkali membentuk sebuah kelompok (geng) yang menjadi kebanggannya. Perilaku menyimpang para remaja ini dapat berupa tawuran, mabuk-mabukkan, balap di jalanan, bertindak sesuka hatinya, dan lain sebagainya.

Kenakalan oleh remaja pada umumnya disebabkan oleh :


  • Lingkungan keluarga yang tidak harmonis
  • Kurangnya wadah untuk pengembangan diri
  • Situasi yang tidak menentu
  • Lingkungan masyarakat yang tidak sehat


Penyalahgunaan Narkotika


Narkotika dan obat-obatan yang terlarang sebenarnya adalah obat yang digunakan untuk menyembuhkan penyakit. Apabila pemakaian obat ini sesuai dengan petunjuk dokter, maka tidak akan terjadi masalah.

Penyalahgunaan narkoba oleh sebagian anggota masyarakat cukup mengkhawatirkan. Bahkan, tidak sedikit anak-anak usia sekolah yang menjadi korban narkoba. Penyalahgunaan narkoba menyebabkan kerugian bagi si pemakai maupun bagi masyarakat luas. Oleh karena itu, penyalahgunaan narkoba digolongan sebagai bentuk perilaku yang menyimpang.

Penggunaan jarum suntik yang bersamaan dapat menularkan penyakit AIDS yang mematikan. Untuk itu jangan pernah sesekali mencoba/menggunakan narkoba.

Hubungan seksual sebelum menikah


Pelacur

Pelacur dapat diartikan sebagai suatu pekerjaan yang bersifat menyerahkan diri kepada umum untuk melakukan perbuatan-perbuatan seksual dengan mendapatkan upah. Pada umumnya terjadi di daerah perkotaan atau tempat-tempat yang mempunyai objek wisata. Faktor internal yang menyebabkan pelacur adalah sifat malas, ingin hidup enak tanpa usaha, rusaknya moral. Sedangkan faktor eksternal nya adalah faktor ekonomi dan urbanisasi yang tinggi.

Penyimpangan seks

Penyimpangan seksual dengan cara melakukan hubungan seks dengan sesama jenis. Misalnya, seorang laki-laki dengan laki-laki yang disebut Homoseks, sedangkan seorang perempuan dengan permpuan disebut lesbian. Salah satu negara yang sudah mengakui perkawinan homoseksual adalah Belanda.

Bentuk Penyimpangan Sosial


Penyalahgunaan narkoba
Perkelahian antar pelajar
Penyimpangan Seksual
Tindakan kriminal atau kejahatan

Ciri-ciri Penyimpangan Sosial


Menurut Paul B. Horton, penyimpangan sosial memliki ciri-ciri sebagai berikut.

Penyimpangan harus didefinisikan

Perilaku dikatakan menyimpang atau tidak harus bisa dinilai berdasarkan kriteria tertentu dan diketahui penyebabnya.

Penyimpangan bisa diterima bisa ditolak

Perilaku menyimpang tidak selamanya bersifat negatif, ada saatnya perilaku menyimpang bisa diterima oleh masyarakat, misalnya wanita karier. Adapun pembunuhan dan perampokan merupakan penyimpangan sosial yang tidak bisa diterima di masyarakat/ditolak masyarakat.

Penyimpangan relatif dan mutlak

Setiap orang mungkin pernah  melakukan penyimpangan sosial, tetapi pada batas-batas tertentu yang bersifat relatif bagi setiap orang. Dikatakan relatif karena perbedaannya hanya pada frekuensi dan kadar penyimpangan. Jadi secara umum, penyimpangan yang dilakukan setiap orang cenderung relatif. Bahkan orang yang telah melakukan penyimpangan mutlak lambat laun harus berkompromi dengan lingkungan sekitarnya.

Penyimpangan terhadap budaya nyata atau budaya ideal

Budaya ideal adalah segenap peraturan hukum yang berlaku dalam suatu kelompok masyarakat. Akan tetapi pada kenyataannya tidak ada seorang pun yang patuh terhadap segenap peraturan resmi tersebut karena antara budaya nyata dengan budaya ideal selalu memiliki kesenjangan. Artinya, peraturan yang telah menjadi pengetahuan umum dalam kenyataan kehidupan sehari-hari cenderung banyak dilanggar.

Terdapat norma-norma penghindaran dalam penyimpangan

Norma penghindaran adalah pola perbuatan yang dilakukan oleh orang untuk memenuhi keinginan mereka, tanpa harus menentang nilai-nilai tata kelakukan secara terbuka. Jadi norma-norma penghindaaran merupakan bentuk penyimpangan yang bersifat setengan melembaga.

Faktor Penyebab Penyimpangan Sosial


Menurut Wilnes dalam bukunya "Punishment and Reformaton" sebab-sebab penyimpangan dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu.


  • Faktor subjektif : adalah faktor yang berasal dari diri seseorang itu sendiri (sifat pembawaan yang dibawa sejak lahir)
  • Faktor objektif : adalah faktor yang berasal dari luar (lingkungan). Misalnya keadaan rumah tangga, seperti hubungan antara orang tua dengan anaknya yang tidak serasi.


Pencegahan Penyimpangan Sosial



  • Faktor keluarga : merupakan langkah awal dari proses sosialisasi dalam pembentukan kepribadian seseorang. Kepribadian seseorang mulai terbentuk dengan bak jika lahir dan tumbuh berkembang dengan lingkungan keluarga yang baik, begitu juga sebaliknya.
  • Faktor sekolah : adalah tempat untuk menimba ilmu yang memberikan pendidikan moral selain  dari pendidikan umum.
  • Faktor lingkungan dan teman : adalah tempat yang sangat mempengaruhi watak seseorang karna dalam pergaulan seseorang dituntut agar dapat beradaptasi dengan lingkungan tempat tinggalnya.
  • Faktor media massa :  adalah suatu wadah sosialisasi yang mempengaruhi kehidupan seseorang. Maka setiap orang harus dapat memilih dan memilah media massa yang berisi informasi yang bermanfaat dan bersifat positif untuk terhindar dari penyimpangan sosial.


Baca juga : Pengertian Urbanisasi, Transmigrasi, Imigrasi, Emigrasi, Sirkulasi, dan Ruralisasi

Demikianlah artikel kali ini tentang Penyimpangan Sosial (Pengertian, Contoh, Bentuk, Jenis, Ciri, Penyebab, Pencegahan). Semoga bermanfaat bagi Anda. Sekian dan terimakasih.

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