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Sejarah dan Jenis-jenis Aliran Musik Mancanegara

Sejarah dan Jenis-jenis Aliran Musik Mancanegara di Luar Asia - Sejarah musik mancanegara dimulai dari Yunani Kuno (675 SM-awal masehi), bangsa Yunani dikenal sebagai peletak dasar seni musik barat. Kedua adalah Abad pertengahan yaitu dari abad V - XVI, abad pertengahan berada di antara zaman akhir kerajaan Roma dan zaman bangkitnya ilmu pengetahuan serta munculnya berbagai penemuan.

Ketiga adalah Renaissance (dimulai abad XVI - XVII) artinya "terlahir kembali". Pada abad ini perkembangan musik gereja merosot, sedangkat musik duniawi mulai mendapat perhatian dan kedudukan yang sangat penting. Keempat adalah zaman Barok dan Rokoko, kemajuan pada abad ini terdapat dua aliran yang sifatnya hampir serupa. Kelima Klasik, keenam Romantik, ketujuh Peralihan, dan terakhir yaitu Modern.

Sedangkan jenis-jenis aliran musik mancanegara, berdasarkan alirannya, musik mancanegara dibedakan menjadi 6 jenis, yaitu :

1. Musik Rock
2. Musik R&B
3. Musik Jazz
4. Musik Reggae dan Ska
5. Musik Pop
6. Musik Klasik

itulah beberapa sejarah dan jenis-jenis aliran musik mancanegara secara singkat, sedangkan untuk penjelasan yang lebih rincinya lagi akan dibahas di bawah ini.

Sejarah dan Jenis-jenis Aliran Musik Mancanegara



Berikut ini adalah sejarah dan jenis-jenis aliran musik mancanegara.

Sejarah Musik Mancanegara

1. Yunani Kuno (675 SM - awal masehi)


Bangsa Yunani dikenal sebagai peletak dasar seni musik barat. Mereka menyusun dua tetrachord (dan Phytagoras) yang membentuk sebuah tangga nada diatonis dalam satu oktaf.

Musik bagi bangsa Yunani berfungsi sebagai berikut:

a. Iringan upacara religius dan penyembahan dewa.
b. Iringan upacara kerajaaan.
c. Iringan drama tari, atletik, sastra, gladiator, dan hiburan sosial.
d. Iringan berperang.

Para ahli musik bangsa Yunani yang terkenal diantaranya adalah :

  • Aischylos (425-456 SM)
  • Sophocies (406-496 SM)
  • Phytagoras (505-585 SM)
  • Aristoteles (384-422 SM)
  • Aristoxenos (sekitar 325 SM).


Instrumen yang terkenal adalah lyra, kitara (petik), dan Autos (seperti oboe).

2. Abad pertengahan (Abad V - XVI)


Abad pertengahan berada di antara zaman akhri kerajaan Roma dan zaman bangkitna ilmu pengetahuan serta munculnya berbagai penemuan. Perubahan besar terjadi pada musik dunia di abad pertengahan. Musik yang dahulu terdiri dari suatu suara (monofonik) bertambah menjadi beberapa suara (polifonik).

Pada abad ini terdapat perkembangan perbaikan tulisan musik dan dasar-dasar teori musik. Pencetus tulisan musik atau notasi musik adalah Guido d'Arezzo.

Paduan suara juga berkembang di Eropa Barat, serta musik Greogiran oleh Paus Greogirus.

Pelopor musik pada abad pertengahan adalah :

  1. Guillanme Dufay dari Prancis.
  2. Adam de la Halle dari Jerman.

3. Renaissance (Abad XVI - XVII)


Renaissance artinya adalah "terlahir kembali". Pada abad ini perkembangan musik dari gereja merosot, sedangkan musik duniawi mulai mendapat perhatian dan kedudukan yang amat penting. Instrumen musik  dulunya hanya sebagai pengiring lagu, mulai dibuat komposisinya. Instrumen orgel mendapat perhatian di Italia dan Jerman, sedangkan di Inggris lebih memperhatikan instrumen pendahulu piano yaitu virginal.

Komponis terpenting pada abad Renaissance adalah

  1. Frescobaldi (1583-1644) dari Italia
  2. Scheidt (1654-1857)
  3. Scheid mann (1595-1663) dari Jerman, dan
  4. Bull (1563-1628) dari Inggris.


Opera mulai berkembang dengan menggunakan permainan solo sebuah instrumen (solistis) dan koor besar.

4. Zaman Barok dan Rokoko


Istilah "barok" dan "rokoko" dipinjam dari dunia arsitektur. Kemajuan pada abad ini terdapat dua aliran yang sifatnya hampir serupa. Pada aliran Barok dan Rokoko sama-sama menggunakan ornamentik (hiasan musik). Tetapi pada aliran Barok memakan ornamentik yang diserahkan pada improvisasi spontan oleh pemain. Sedangkan pada Rokoko semua ormentik dicatat.

Komponis-komponis pada abad Barok dan Rokoko diantaranya adalah :

  1. Johan Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) dari Jerman.
  2. George Frederick haendel (1685-1759) dari London.

5. Klasik (Abad XVIII - awal abad XIX)


Istilah "klasik" dipinjam dari suatu bentuk jenis dalam dunia sastra yang memberi ciri-ciri ketaatam pada kaidah-kaidah formal bentuk dan struktur komposisi dalam mencapai keseimbangan dan kesempurnaan dari musik. Abad klasik diawali dengan sepeninggal Bach dan Handel, sekitar tahun 1750.

Komponis yang terpenting pada abad klasik ini adalah

  1. Johbn Stamitz (1717-1757)
  2. Franz Joseph Hydn (1732-1809) yang dikenal sebagai "Bapak Orkes Simforni" (100 karya) dan "Bapak Kwaret" (80 karya), dan
  3. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1765-1791).


6. Romantik (Abad XIX - awal abad XX)


Musik romantik sangan mementingkan perasaan yang subjektif. Musik bukan saja digunakan untuk mencapai keindahan nada-nada, tetapi juga dipergunakan untuk mengungkapkan perasaan, sehingga banyak menggunakan dinamik dan tempo.

Komponis-komponis yang terkenal pada abad ini adalah :

  1. Ludwig Van Beethoven dari Jerman.
  2. Franz Frederick Chopin dari Polandia.
  3. Franz Peter Schubert dari Wina.
  4. Robert Alexander Schumann dari Jerman.
  5. Johannes Brahms dari Jerman.


7. Peralihan (Abad XX)


Pada zaman ini kebesaran Romantik telah selesai sepeninggal Wagner, zaman setelah Romantik bersifat membelakangi adat kebiasan pada zaman Romantik. Munculnya berbagai unsur gaya yang tegas yang menunjuk arah pembaharuan yang berarti revolusi musik.

Komponis-komponis yang terkenal zaman peralihan menuju modern adalah :

  1. Cesar Augeste Franck (1882-1890)
  2. Gustav Mahler (1860-1911)
  3. Peter llyich Tschaikovsky (1840-1893). dan
  4. Sergei Rachmaninoff (1873-1943),


8. Modern (Abad XX - Sekarang)


Musik pada zaman modern tidak mengakui adanya hukum-hukum dan peraturan-peraturan karena kemajuan IPTEK yang semakin pesat berkembang, dan berkembangnya globalisasi dunia yang berimbas pada perkembangan musik di dunia.

Komponis zaman modern antara lain :

  1. Claude Archille Debussy dari Prancis.
  2. Bella Bartok dari Hongaria.
  3. Maurice Ravel dari Prancis.
  4. Igor federovinsky dari Rusia.
  5. Edward Benyamin Britten dari Inggris.


Perkembangan lagu menyesuaikan dengan perkembangan musik pada waktu itu, kebanyakan lagu-lagu dari zaman Yunani hingga zaman peralihan berorientasi klasik atau berbentuk seriosa dengan iringan musik orkestra.


Aliran Musik Mancanegara


1. Musik Rock


Musik ini memiliki gaya rhythm and blues. Musik rock mendominasi musik populer di barat sejak tahun 1955 dan musik ini mempunyai ciri-ciri khas bervoltase tinggi.

Ciri-ciri umum musik rock adalah :

  • Tempo bervariasi,
  • Lirik lagu cenderung eksprektif,
  • Wilayah nada luas,
  • Kekuatan musik pada dinamika aransemen, dan
  • Beat cenderung keras.


Aliran-aliran musik rock adalah progressive rock, alternative rock, punk, heavy metal, hard rock, garage rock, dan rock'n roll. 

Artis atau musisi rock mancanegara, antara lain : Bon Jovi, Qeen, Greenday, My Chemichal Romance, Simple Plan, dan lain-lain.

2. Musik R&B


Musik ini didukung oleh sebagian masyarakat dari Afrika-Amerika pada awal tahun 1940. R&B pertama kali diciptakan oleh Jr. Wexler yang terkenal dengan Atlatic Records. Musik R&B cenderung mengutamakan kemampuan improvisasi melodi, khususnya vokal para penyanyi dengan harmonisasi ynag progresif.

Penyanyi dan grup vokal R&B adalah Black Eyed Peas, Beyonce, R. Kelly, dan lain-lain.

3. Musik Jazz


Musik Jazz pertama kali dikembangkan oleh bangsa dari Afrika-Amerika sekitar abad ke -20 di New Orleans, Amerika Serikat. Instrumen musiknya adalah piano, bass, drum, gitar, saxophone, trombon, dan terompet. Ciri utama musik Jazz adalah improvisasi.

Ciri-ciri musik jazz secara umum :

  • Bass Progresif (walkng bass),
  • Ritme menggantung/patah-patah (syncope),
  • Susunan melodi improvisasi,
  • Penggunaan akor dissonant, 
  • Kebanyakan instumental,
  • Improvisasi relatif bebas,
  • Kebanyakan menggunakan alat musik akustik,
  • Menggunakan standar teknologi rendah, 
  • Memiliki tingkat kesulitan harmonisasi akor tinggi, 
  • Teknik pengolahan lagu bervariasi,
  • Lagu berdurasi panjang,
  • Alat tiup dan piano mendominasi.


Pemusik Jazz, antara lain adalah : Sidney Bachet, Dexter Gorden, Louis Amstring, Wynton Marsalis, dan lain-lain.

4. Musik Reggae dan Ska


Musik Reggae merupakan perpaduan musik tradisional di kawasan Laut Karibia terutama musik mento dari Jamaika dengan musik modern barat. Musik Jamaikan bereksperimen dengan menambah pukulan drum dan pola permainan gitar bass dalam permainan musik tradisi Jamaika.

Dengan eksperimen itu, timbul sebuah gaya baru dikenal sebagai musk Ska. Tokoh musik Ska adalah Don Drum Mond. Tokoh musik Reggae antara lain adalah : Jimmy Cliff (dikenal sebagai musisi reggae) dan Bob Marley (dikenal sebagai musisi yang membawa musik reggae ke Amerika).

5. Musik Pop


Musik Pop adalah musik yang ringan, sederhana, yang disenangi masyarakat dalam kurun waktu tertentu. Contoh musik pop, yaiu : musik R&B, musik Jazz, musik country, dan musik dangdut.

Penyanyi pop mancanegara antara lain adalah :

  1. Avril Lavigne.
  2. Celine Dion.
  3. Bruno Mars.
  4. Maher Zain, dan lain-lain.


6. Musik Klasik


Musik klasik adalah musik yang memilik estetika atau kendahan yang mencapai tingkat mutu yang memuaskan dan mengandung nilai seni yang sangat tinggi. Musik klasik lahir dan berkembang pada zaman setelah Barok-Rokoko yang dimulai melalui karya Joann Stamitz.

Ciri-ciri karakteristik musik klasik adalah :

  • Peralihan dinamika dari pelan menjadi keras dan sebaliknya.
  • Peralihan kecepatan dari mempercepat tempo atau menguranginya menjadi lambat dan sebaliknya.
  • Hiasan ornamen dibatasi pemakainnya,
  • Pemakain accelereando mempercepat tempo dan ritardando memperlambat tempo dalam penyajian musik.
  • Pembatasan pemakaian nada penghias.
  • Pemakaian akor trinada.


Bentuk musik sonata, simfoni, concerto,dan karya-karya lepas (pieces) mengalami pendalaman dan penyempurnaan yang ekspensif.

Baca juga : Unsur-Unsur dalam Lagu

Demikianlah artikel kali ini tentang Sejarah dan Jenis-jenis Musik Mancanegara. Semoga bermanfaat bagi Anda. Sekian dan terimakasih.

Sumber : LKS Seni Budaya dan Keterampilan kelas IX.

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