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Pengertian Bencana Alam, Macam-Macam Lengkap dengan Gambar

Pengertian Bencana Alam, Macam-macam dan Jenis-jenis Lengkap dengan Gambar - Indonesia memang tidak terlepas dengan bahayanya bencana alam. Bencana alam dalam bentuk apapun pasti akan merugikan kita. Masalah ini sudah menjadi topik yang sering di era modern saat ini, karena berbagai bencana alam akan terus menerus datang tanpa kita sadari.

Walaupun manusia dapat memprediksi kapan terjadinya bencana, tetapi tidak akan bisa menghentikan bencana itu. Walaupun bisa memperkecil korban jiwa, tetapi kerugian yang diderita amatlah besar. Kita sebagai manusia hanya bisa menghindari, tetapi tidak dapat menghentikan terjadinya bencana alam, sekuat apapun manusia tersebut.

Berikut ini adalah Pengertian Bencana Alam, Macam-macam dan Jenis-jenis Lengkap dengan Gambar.

Pengertian/Definisi Bencana Alam


Bencana alam adalah suatu kejadian/peristiwa alam yang dampaknya dapat mengakibatkan populasi manusia terancam. Peristiwa alam tersebut dapat berupa gempa, letusan gunung berapi, banjir, tsunami, tanah longsor, angin topan/angin puting beliung, kebakaran hutan, kekeringan, dan lain-lain.

Walaupun bencana alam tersebut sudah biasa terjadi di Bumi kita ini, tetapi kita tidak bisa menghentikannya, kita hanya dapat memperkecil dampak bencana yang terjadi.

Bencana alam adalah rangkaian peristiwa yang disebabkan oleh alam.

Jenis-jenis Bencana Alam


Bencana alam meteorologi

Bencana alam meteorologi/hidrometeorologi merupakan bencana alam yang berhubungan dengan iklim. Bencana alam ini umumnya tidak terjadi pada suatu tempat yang khusus. Bencana alam bersifat meteorologis paling banyak terjadi diseluruh dunia seperti banjir dan kekeringan. Kekhawatiran terbesar pada masa modernisasi sekarang ini adalah terjadinya pemanasan global.

Bencana alam geologi

Bencana alam geologi adalah bencana alam yang terjadi di permukaan bumi seperti tsunami, gempa bumi, gunung meletus, dan tanah longsor. Contoh bencana alam geologi paling umum adalah gempa bumi, tsunami, gunung meletus dan tanah longsor.

Bencana alam ekstra-terestial

Bencana alam ekstra-terestial merupakan bencana alam yang terjadi di luar angkasa. Bencana dari luar angkasa adalah datangnya berbagai benda langit seperti asteroid atau gangguan badai matahari. Meskipun dampaknya berukuran kecil tidak berpengaruh besar, asteroid kecil tersebut berjumlah sangat banyak sehingga bisa menimbulkan untuk menabrak bumi.

Macam-macam Bencana Alam


1. Banjir
Bencana alam Banjir



Banjir adalah bencana alam yang diakibatkan oleh curah hujan yang cukup tinggi dengan tidak diimbangi dengan saluran-saluran pembuangan air yang memadai, sehingga banjir dapat merendam berbagai wilayah-wilayah yang cukup luas.

Pada umumnya banjir terjadi karena luapan sungai yang tidak mampu menghadang derasnya air yang datang sehingga menyebabkan jebolnya sistem perairan disuatu daerah.

Banjir juga diakibatkan oleh manusia itu sendiri karena membuang sampah sembarangan ke saluran-saluran pembuangan air dan menebang pohong-pohon secara liar, pohon bermanfaat sebagai penyerap air dikala datangnya hujan.

2. Gempa Bumi
Bencana alam Gempa Bumi

Gempa bumi adalah guncangan atau getaran yang terjadi di permukaan bumi akibat pelepasan energi dari dalam secara tiba-tiba lalu menciptakan gelombang seismik. Gempa bumi biasanya disebabkan oleh pergerakan kerak bumi (lempeng bumi).

Gempa bumi diukur dengan menggunakan alat yang bernama Seismometer. Moment Magnitudo adalah skala yang paling umum di mana gempa bumi terjadi  untuk seluruh dunia. Skala Rickter adalah skala besarnya lokal 5 magnitude.

Biasanya gempa bumi terjadi pada daerah-daerah yang dekat dengan patahan lempengan bumi. Gempa adalah bencana alam yang tidak dapat diperkirakan, oleh karena itu gempa merupakan bencana alam yang sangat berbahaya. Ada berbagai cara untuk mengurangi kerugian akibat dampak gempa bumi, seperti membangun bangunan yang dapat meredam getaran gempa, memperkuat pondasi bangunan dan masih banyak yang lain.

3. Gunung Meletus
Bencana alam Gunung Meletus

Gunung meletus bisa terjadi karena endapan magma di dalam perut bumi yang didorong keluar oleh gas yang bertekanan tinggi. Dari letusan-letusan seperti itulah gunung berapi bisa terbentuk. Letusan gunung berapi bisa merenggut korban jiwa dan menghabiskan harta benda yang besar.

Gunung meletus merupakan salah satu bencana alam yang sangat dahsyat karena diakibatkan meningkatnya aktivitas magma yang ada dalam perut bumi. Jika gunung akan meletus maka dapat dideteksi dengan cara melihat aktivitas perkembangannya, mulai dari siaga, waspada, awas dan hingga puncaknya yaitu meletus. Ketika suatu gunung meletus maka akan mengeluarkan berbagai macam material-material yang ada di dalam bumi, mulai dari debu, batu, kerikil, awan panas, kerikil hingga magmanya.

Karena waktu terjadinya gunung meletus dapat diprediksi, maka bisa diberi peringatan kepada warga agar segera mengungsi ke tempat yang lebih aman. Magma adalah cairan panas yang keluar dari dalam perut bumi dengan suhu yang sangat tinggi, diperkirakan lebih dari 1000 derajat celcius. Magma yang sudah keluar dalam perut bumi disebut lava.

Gunung meletus ternyata berdampak baik bagi masyarakat, karena 1-2 bulan setelah terjadinya bencana tumbuh-tumbuhan menjadi lebih subur, karena debu dan material-material yang dikeluarkan memiliki zat hara yang sangat tinggi.

4. Tsunami
Bencana alam Tsunami

Tsunami secara harfiah berarti "ombak besar di pelabuhan" adalah perpindahan badan air yang disebabkan oleh perubahan permukaan laut secara vertikal dengan mendadak/tiba-tiba. Perubahan permukaan laut terjadi karena disebabkan oleh gempa bumi yang berada di bawah laut, letusan gunung berapi di bawah laut, longsor bawah laut, atau hantaman meteor di laut.

Kata tsunami berasal dari bahasa Jepang, tsu berarti pelabuhan, dan nami berarti gelombang. Bencana ini termasuk yang paling berbahaya karena tidak dapat diprediksi kapan terjadinya dan sulit untuk mencegah datangnya tsunami dengna kecepatan tinggi.

5. Tanah longsor
Bencana alam Tanah Longsor

Longsor atau disebut juga gerakan tanah adalah suatu peristiwa geologi yang terjadi karena pergerakan masa batuan atau tanah dengan berbagai tipe dan jenis seperti jatuhnya bebatuan atau gumpalan besar tanah. Secara umum longsor bisa terjadi disebabkan oleh dua faktor yaitu faktor pendorong dan faktor pemicu. Faktor pendorong adalah faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kondisi material itu sendiri, sedangkan faktor pemicu adalah faktor yang menyebabkan bergeraknya material tersebut.

Bencana longsor terjadi karena setelah hujan yang cukup lebat dan tanah tersebut tidak sama sekali ditumbuhi tanaman maka terjadilah longsor itu. Tanaman berguna untuk menahan tanah-tanah agar tidak mudah longsor atau terseret.

Ada juga bencana longsor yang terjadi secara alami, karena memang tanah yang kurang padat, curah hujan yang cukup tinggi dan kemiringan yang cukup curam.

6. Kebakaran hutan liar
Bencana alam Kebakaran hutan

Kebakaran hutan terjadi bisa dikaitkan oleh alam itu sendiri, bisa juga dikaitkan oleh ulah tangan-tangan manusia yang tidak bertanggung jawab. Jika kebakaran hutan sampai terjadi maka cukup sulit untuk memadamkannya, karena luasnya daerah yang terbakar dan lokasinya yang jauh dari tempat penanggulangan bencana. Bahaya yang timbul karena kebakaran hutan adalah asap yang dihasilkan dapat merusak pernapasan.

Kebakaran hutan secara liar adalah kebakaran yang terjadi di alam liar. Jika bencana tersebut disebabkan oleh alam itu sendiri, kemungkinan karena petir yang menyambar. Jika ulah manusia, maka bisa dipastikan karena keserakahan manusia dalam membuka lahan tanpa melihat akibat yang ditimbulkan.

7. Angin Topan/Angin puting beliung
Bencana alam Angin topan

Angin puting beliung merupakan angin yang berputar dengan kecepatan yang amat tinggi dan bergerak secara garis lurus dengan durasi maksimal 5 menit. Di Indonesia bencana ini biasa disebut dengan puting beliung atau angin lesus, tetapi jika di Amerika disebut Tornado.

Bencana angin puting beliung belum dapat diprediksi karena teknologi yang kurang memadai. Tetapi jika di Amerika bencana topan sudah dapat diprediksi kapan terjadinya dan dimana tempatnya sehingga dapat menghimbau warga agar segera untuk mengungsi.

8. Kekeringan 
Bencana alam Kekeringan

Kekeringan adalah keadaan kekurangan pasokan air pada suatu daerah dalam masa yang amat berkepanjangan (berbulan-bulan hingga bertahun-tahun). Biasanya bencana ini terjadi bila suatu wilayah secara terus-menerus mengalami curah hujan di bawah rata-rata. Musim kemarau yang panjang akan menyebabkan kekeringan karena cadangan air tanah akan habis akibat penguapan (evaporasi), transpirasi, ataupun penggunaan manusia yang lainnya.

Bencana ini hampir tiap tahun terjadi di berbagai daerah di Indonesia. Tidak hanya di Indonesia, bencana ini sudah umum terjadi pada negara yang lain di dunia.

9. Wabah 
Bencana alam Wabah

Wabah adalah suatu istilah umum untuk menyebut kejadian tersebarnya penyakit pada daerah yang luas dan pada banyak orang, maupun untuk menyebut penyakit yang menyebar tersebut. Wabah dipelajari dalam epidemiologi.

Epidemiologi berasal dari bahasa Yunani epi berarti pada dan demos berarti rakyat adalah penyakit yang timbul sebagai kasus baru pada suatu populasi tertentu manusia, dalam satu periode waktu tertentu, dengan laju yang melampaui laju "ekspektasi" (dugaan), yang didasarkan pada pengalamn yang mutakhir.

Dengan kata lain epidemi adalah wabah yang terjadi lebih cepat daripada yang diduga. Jumlah kasus baru penyakit di dalam suatu populasi dalam periode tertentu disebut incidence rate = "laju timbulnya penyakit".

10. Pemanasan Global/Global Warming
Bencana alam Pemanasan Global/Global Warming

Global warming atau pemanasan global adalah peristiwa meningkatnya suhu rata-rata atmosfer bumi, laut dan daratan bumi. Pemanasan global terjadi karena disebabkan oleh efek rumah kaca, efek timbal balik, variasi matahari.

11. Badai Tropis/Siklon Tropis
Bencana alam Badai tropis/siklon tropis

Badai tropis atau siklon tropis adalah badai sirkuler yang menimbulkan angin kencang yang mampu merusak daerah sekitar 250 mil dari pusatnya. Siklon tropis menyebabkan kerusakan oleh angin kencang, gelombang badai dan hujan lebat. Gelombang badai adalah naiknya permukaan laut sepanjang pantai secara cepat karena angin menggerakkanya ke pantai.

Baca juga : Pengertian Teks Anekdot, Tujuan, dan Ciri-ciri Anekdot

Demikianlah artikel kali ini tentang Pengertian Bencana Alam, Macam-macam dan Jenis-jenis Lengkap dengan Gambar. Semoga bermanfaat bagi Anda sekian dan terimakasih.

Referensi : https://id.wikipedia.org
http://santrigaul.net/macam-macam-bencana-alam

Sumber gambar : tempo.co
galaminimisteri.blogspot.com
jelaaas.blogspot.com
www.theatlantic.com
elshinta.com
griyawisata.com
ilmuwancilik.com
hizbut-tahrir.or.id
dunia.news.viva.co.id
www.iop.org
www.dw.com

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